TXTexas History

Texas at a glance

Texas was admitted to the Union on 1845, making it the 28th state. It joined the country 69 years after the Declaration of Independence. Its capital Austin has been the seat of state government since well before the Civil War.

Native peoples

For thousands of years before European contact, Indigenous peoples lived across what is now Texas. Multiple distinct cultures developed in response to the region's geography — coastal peoples, plains peoples, river-valley peoples, mountain peoples — each with their own languages, governance, and trade networks. European colonization disrupted these civilizations dramatically, often through disease, displacement, and forced removal. Today, Texas's Native heritage is preserved in place names, tribal nations within state borders, and ongoing cultural practices.

Spanish colonial era

Texas carries a deep Spanish colonial legacy. Spanish missionaries, conquistadors, and settlers reached the region in the 16th and 17th centuries — earlier than English colonization elsewhere. The legacy survives in place names (cities, rivers, missions), architecture, cuisine, and the Hispanic and Latino communities that have lived continuously in the area for over four centuries. Many of the oldest US cities west of the Mississippi were originally Spanish.

Civil War (1861-1865)

Texas seceded from the United States and joined the Confederate States of America during the American Civil War. The war devastated the state economy, with widespread destruction and loss of life. After Confederate defeat in 1865, Texas entered the long Reconstruction era, which sought to integrate formerly enslaved people into civic and economic life. Reconstruction officially ended in 1877. The state's path to full re-integration into the Union — economically, politically, and socially — extended well into the 20th century, particularly through the Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s-60s.

Path to statehood

The path from European exploration to statehood typically took decades. Texas was admitted to the Union on 1845, after meeting the requirements set by Congress: sufficient population, a written constitution, and the consent of Congress. The process from initial settlement to statehood was the 59th time the US expanded.

The modern era

Today Texas has a population of over 10 million and is one of the largest states in the country. The capital is Austin; the largest city is Houston. The economy benefits significantly from oil and natural gas production. Agriculture remains an important sector of the state economy. The state has no state income tax — one of nine US states with this distinction. The political lean has shifted over time and now leans reliably Republican.

Key historical sites in Texas

Texas preserves its history through state parks, national monuments, historic districts, and museums. Battlefields, colonial towns, mission sites, Native American heritage areas, and Civil Rights landmarks (where applicable) anchor the state's heritage tourism. Visit the state's official tourism site for a current list.

Bordering states

Texas shares borders with 4 other US states.

Common questions about Texas history

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