TXTexas History

Texas at a historical glance

Texas was admitted to the Union on 1845, making it the 28th state. It joined the country 69 years after the Declaration of Independence. Its capital Austin has been the seat of state government for most of the state's history. The state's history reflects waves of migration, conflict, and adaptation — from Indigenous civilizations through European colonization, statehood, the Civil War era, industrialization, civil rights, and the modern era.

Native peoples (pre-1500s)

For at least 10,000 years before European contact, Indigenous peoples lived across what is now Texas. Multiple distinct cultures developed in response to the region's geography — coastal peoples, plains peoples, river-valley peoples, mountain peoples — each with their own languages, governance, trade networks, religious practices, and agricultural traditions. Major Native nations in the region developed sophisticated political structures, sometimes spanning territory larger than entire modern states.

European colonization disrupted these civilizations dramatically. Disease (particularly smallpox, to which Native peoples had no immunity) wiped out an estimated 70-90% of Indigenous populations within 100 years of European arrival. Forced displacement, broken treaties, and the Indian Removal Act of 1830 further reshaped Native presence in the region. Today, Texas's Native heritage is preserved in place names (cities, rivers, counties), tribal nations within state borders, ongoing cultural practices, and an active sovereignty movement.

Spanish colonial era

Texas carries a deep Spanish colonial legacy. Spanish missionaries, conquistadors, and settlers reached the region as early as the 16th and 17th centuries — much earlier than English colonization elsewhere. Spain claimed vast territories under the doctrine of discovery and established a network of missions, presidios (military forts), and pueblos (towns) that anchored colonial society.

The legacy survives in place names (cities, rivers, missions, mountain ranges), Spanish colonial architecture (still preserved in cities like Santa Fe, San Antonio, and the missions of the Camino Real), cuisine, Catholic religious traditions, and the Hispanic and Latino communities that have lived continuously in the area for over four centuries. Many of the oldest continuously-inhabited European-founded cities in the United States are former Spanish colonial towns.

Civil War (1861-1865)

Texas seceded from the United States and joined the Confederate States of America during the American Civil War. The war devastated the state economy, with widespread destruction of infrastructure, loss of life on a massive scale, and the eventual abolition of slavery (which had been the foundation of the antebellum Southern economy). After Confederate defeat in 1865, Texas entered the long Reconstruction era (1865-1877), which sought to integrate formerly enslaved people into civic and economic life.

Reconstruction officially ended in 1877 when federal troops were withdrawn from the South as part of the Compromise of 1877. The state's path to full re-integration into the Union — economically, politically, and socially — extended well into the 20th century. The Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s-60s addressed legal segregation; the Voting Rights Act of 1965 transformed political participation; and ongoing demographic and economic shifts have continued to reshape state politics into the 21st century.

The 19th century in Texas

The 19th century was a period of dramatic change for Texas. Westward expansion, industrialization, immigration waves, railroad construction, the Civil War, Reconstruction, and the closing of the American frontier all shaped the state's development. Population grew steadily — sometimes through internal migration, sometimes through international immigration. The agrarian economy gave way (in many states) to industrial and urban economies. State governments expanded their roles: public education systems, infrastructure, public health, and (eventually) regulation of business all emerged in this era.

The 20th century

The 20th century brought two World Wars, the Great Depression, the New Deal, the Civil Rights Movement, the Cold War, the Space Race, the women's rights movement, and the rise of mass consumer culture. Texas participated in all of these in ways shaped by its local geography, demographics, and economy. Military bases, defense industries, federal investment in infrastructure (Interstate Highway System, dams, airports), and the GI Bill (which subsidized college education for veterans) all reshaped the state in the postwar era.

The modern era and demographics today

Today Texas has a population of over 10 million and is one of the largest states. The capital is Austin; the largest city is Houston. The economy benefits significantly from oil and natural gas production. Agriculture remains an important sector. The state has no state income tax — one of nine US states with this distinction. Political alignment has shifted over time and currently leans reliably Republican.

Historical sites and museums

Texas preserves its history through state parks, national monuments, historic districts, museums, and battlefields. The state historical society maintains records and offers educational programs. For a complete list of historic sites, visit the state's official tourism site or the National Park Service.

Texas notable firsts

• Largest contiguous US state by area; was its own country 1836-1845

Bordering states (4)

Texas shares borders with 4 other US states, listed alphabetically below. Each link goes to the dedicated state page.

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